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The    Growth   of    Philippine    Children 


BY 

JOHN  FRANKLIN  BOBBITT 

Formerly  Instructor  in  the  Philippine  Normal  School 


A  THESIS  SUBMITTED  TO  THE  FACUI/TY  OF  CLARK 
UNIVERSITY,  WORCESTER,  MASS.,  IN  PARTIAL 
FULFILMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE 
DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY,  AND  ACCEPTED 
ON  THE  RECOMMENDATION  OF  G.  STANLEY  HAW, 


Reprinted  from  the  PEDAGOGICAL  SEMINARY 
June,  1909,  Vol.  XVI,  pp.  3-34 


The    Growth   of    Philippine    Children 


BY 


JOHN  FRANKLIN  BOBBITT 

Formerly  Instructor  in  the  Philippine  Normal  School 


A  THESIS  SUBMITTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  CLARK 
UNIVERSITY,  WORCESTER,  MASS.,  IN  PARTIAL 
FULFILMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE 
DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY,  AND  ACCEPTKD 
ON  THE  RECOMMENDATION  OF  G.  STANLEY  HALL 


OF   THE 

UNIVERSIT 


Reprinted  from  the  PEDAGOGICAL  SEMINARY 
June,  1909,  Vol.  XVI,  pp.  3-34 


THE  GROWTH  OF  PHILIPPINE  CHILDREN1 


JOHN  FRANKUN  BOBBITT 
Formerly  Instructor  in  the  Philippine  Normal  School,  Manila,  P.  I. 


Child  study  to  date  has  occupied  itself  almost  exclusively 
with  children  of  the  white  races,  and  anthropology  has  been 
concerned  chiefly  with  adults.  Both  of  these  fields  of  research 
have  become  widely  extended,  but  neither  has  yet  seriously 
undertaken  the  study  of  the  children  of  the  various  colored 
races.  This  remains  an  almost  untouched  field.  If  one  wishes 
to  obtain  exact  data  with  reference  to  the  physical  or  mental 
capabilities  of  the  children  of  any  race  other  than  the  white, 
there  is  scarcely  a  study  to  which  one  can  refer  with  confidence. 
In  the  writings  of  travellers,  explorers,  teachers,  and  mission- 
aries, one  finds  numerous  opinions  as  to  the  children.  An- 
thropologists have  in  many  cases  made  a  few  measurements 
and  tests  upon  children,  perhaps  a  half  dozen  in  a  tribe.  The 
opinions,  however,  are  too  casual  and  conflicting,  and  the 
measurements  too  few  and  inexact  as  to  age  and  other  condi- 
tions, to  be  of  great  service  in  estimating  either  the  physical 
or  the  mental  efficiency  of  the  children  observed.  The  chief 
exceptions  are  a  few  studies  made  by  the  Japanese,  and  the 
recently-published  elaborate  study  of  Ales  Hrdlicka  upon  the 
Indians  of  the  Southwestern  United  States  and  Northern 
Mexico. 

To  take  a  concrete  case  illustrative  of  our  uncertainty  in  this 
field,  it  is  usually  assumed  and  frequently  asserted  that  the 
children  of  the  Tropics  develop  more  rapidly  and  mature 
earlier  than  the  children  of  colder  lands.  It  is  at  present  diffi- 
cult either  to  prove  or  to  disprove  the  statement,  owing  to  the 
dearth  of  exact  statistical  data. 

1  Special  acknowledgments  are  due  Dr.  David  P.  Barrows,  Director 
of  Education,  and  Mr.  G.  W.  Beattie,  Supt.  of  the  Philippine  Normal 
School,  for  aid  and  encouragement  in  the  work.  Without  their  help 
this  study  could  not  have  been  carried  through  to  its  present  propor- 
tions. Thanks  are  due  also  to  Miss  Jessie  Iy.  Durham,  Supervisor  of 
the  londo  Schools;  to  Mr.  Guy  V.  Clinton,  and  Mr.  F.  R.  Lutz,  prin- 
cipals of  intermediate  schools;  to  Mrs.  John  Bagan,  Supervisor  of  the 
Philippine  Normal  Training  School;  and  to  Dr.  Helen  T.  Woolley, 
who  aided  in  verifying  the  ages  of  the  students.  J.  F.  B. 


205136 


4  GROWTH  OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 

The  question  arose,  however,  in  a  very  practical  way,  in  the 
Philippine  Islands,  in  connection  with  the  formulation  of 
courses  of  study  for  the  schools.  In  attempting  to  fit  the 
stages  of  instruction  to  the  stages  of  normal  growth,  the  ques- 
tions naturally  arose  as  to  what  the  normal  growth-stages  are, 
at  what  age  each  appears,  and  how  long  each  continues,  in  the 
case  of  the  Malay  children  of  the  Philippines. 

Such  questions  were  of  practical  importance.  If  the  periods 
of  development  of  Philippine  children  are  fore-shortened,  then 
the  courses  of  instruction  should  be  correspondingly  fore- 
shortened ;  but  if,  on  the  other  hand,  their  growth  is  as  slow 
as  that  of  European  children,  then  for  equal  results  they  prob- 
ably require  courses  of  instruction  of  equal  length. 

In  answer  to  the  questions,  there  were  no  figures  to  which 
to  appeal,  and  one  could  obtain  from  the  teaching  profession 
any  sort  of  opinion  that  one  might  be  looking  for.  The  only 
method  of  finding  out  was  to  measure  the  children.  This  was 
undertaken,  and  the  present  study  presents  certain  anthropo- 
metric  evidence  as  to  the  rates  and  stages  of  their  physical 
growth.  This  was  naturally  the  first  step  to  be  taken  even 
where  the  facts  aimed  at  were  the  stages  of  mental  growth  and 
the  age  of  mental  maturity. 

The  children  measured  were  students  in  various  Manila 
schools, — the  Philippine  Normal  School,  Tondo  primary 
schools,  Tondo  Secondary  School,  Sampaloc  primary  schools, 
and  the  Sampaloc  Intermediate  School.  In  the  Philippine 
Normal  School,  about  three-fourths  of  the  students  measured 
were  from  the  provinces  outside  of  Manila,  chiefly  those  of 
southern  and  central  Luzon.  In  the  two  intermediate  schools, 
about  half  were  from  the  provinces;  and  in  the  primary 
schools  a  considerable  proportion  were  born  outside  of  Manila. 
About  all  of  the  Christian  provinces  were  represented ;  but  the 
major  portion  of  the  students  measured  were  Tagalog,  Pam- 
pango,  Pangasinan,  and  Ilocano. 

One  cannot  say  that  the  students  measured  were  all  of  pure 
Malay  blood,  so  widespread  is  the  infusion  of  Spanish  and 
Chinese  blood  in  the  archipelago.  The  most  that  can  be  said 
is  that  they  were  typical  Filipinos,  fair  representatives  of  the 
Christian  population  of  the  archipelago.  Measurements  made 
on  students  that  admitted  themselves  to  be  mestizos,  or  that 
gave  unmistakable  evidence  in  their  appearance  of  the  posses- 
sion of  Spanish  or  Chinese  blood  were  discarded. 

Besides  determining  growth-stages,  a  further  aim  of  the 
study  was  to  make  a  comparison  of  Philippine  children  with 
those  of  Europe  or  America  in  size  and  efficiency.  In  order 
that  results  might  be  entirely  comparable,  it  was  necessary  to 
duplicate  the  methods  and  apparatus  of  some  previous  study 


VwmvuNJsirr  i 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN  5 

made  on  white  children.  Literature  on  the  subject  was  ex- 
ceedingly scarce  in  Manila,  but  I  succeeded  in  finding  a  report 
of  Director  Smedley's  work  in  the  Child-Study  Laboratory  in 
Chicago,  for  the  year  1899-1900,  as  published  in  the  report  of 
the  Commissioner  of  Education  for  1902.  His  study  appeared 
to  be  a  careful  one,  and  both  his  methods  and  his  apparatus 
were  described  in  detail,  verbally  and  graphically.  In  order 
to  obain  entirely  comparable  results,  therefore,  I  duplicated 
his  apparatus  and  used  his  methods.  These  are  not  here  re- 
peated since  they  can  be  found  in  his  report. 

The  measurements  taken  were:  (i)  Height:  (2)  Span  of 
arms;  (3)  Sitting  height;  (4)  Weight;  (5)  Vital  capacity; 
(6)  Grip  of  right  and  left  hands.  Span  of  arms  was  not 
measured  by  Mr.  Smedley,  but  comparable  measures  were 
found  in  Porter's  study  on  St.  Louis  children.  One  of  the 
most  significant  of  Mr.  Smedley's  measurements,  that  of  en- 
durance as  given  by  the  ergograph,  had  to  be  omitted  for  lack 
of  a  duplicate  instrument.  This  omission  was  unfortunate 
since,  as  ma}'  be  seen  later  in  this  study,  one  is  led  to  expect 
some  rather  surprising  and  perhaps  quite  favorable  results.  It 
is  to  be  hoped  that  some  one  will  be  moved  to  carry  through 
this  portion  of  the  study  in  the  not  distant  future. 

The  measurements  on  each  child  were  recorded  on  an  indi- 
vidual card, — yellow  cards  being  used  for  boys,  and  white  for 
girls,  to  prevent  any  possibility  of  mixing  data  of  the  two  sexes. 
On  each  card  were  also  taken  the  child's  name,  date  of  birth, 
date  of  measurement,  his  age,  name  of  the  church  where 
he  had  been  baptized  in  order  that  the  date  of  birth  might 
be  verified,  native  province,  and  the  race  of  his  father  and 
mother. 

One  serious  difficulty  met  with  was  obtaining  the  ages  of  the 
children.  In  a  tropical  climate,  there  is  so  little  to  mark  the 
passage  of  time  that  the  conception  of  a  year  is  not  at  all 
well  defined  in  the  children's  minds.  They  easily  fail  to  keep 
track  of  their  ages.  Great  effort  had  therefore  to  be  made  to 
obtain  the  true  age.  Of  pupils  born  in  the  city  of  Manila, 
we  verified  the  ages  from  the  baptismal  records  in  the  churches. 
Also  the  ages  given  by  a  pupil  to  his  teachers  at  different  times 
were  compared,  and  if  he  had  given  his  age  consistently  for 
three  or  four  times,  it  was  considered  evidence  of  correctness, 
but  when  he  had  given  contradictory  ages  at  different  times, 
his  statements  had  to  be  inquired  into  before  his  age  could  be 
determined.  We  impressed  upon  pupils  the  desirability  of 
getting  correct  ages,  and  asked  them  to  inquire  of  their  parents 
so  as  to  make  no  mistake.  They  are  an  extremely  obliging 
people  and  they  took  an  interest  in  the  work  ;  so  I  have  reason 
to  believe  that  we  obtained  the  true  age  in  most  cases.  It  re- 


GROWTH   OF   PHIUPPINB   CHILDREN 


mains  a  source  of  some  error,  however,  especially  in  the  case  of 
the  younger  pupils.  In  the  case  of  students  fourteen  years 
old  and  over  there  is  perhaps  only  very  slight  error  in  the 
matter  of  age.  In  verifying  the  ages  of  the  younger  pupils  in 
the  churches,  it  was  found  that  when  the  age  was  given 
wrong,  it  varied  upward  from  the  true  age  about  as  often  as 
downward,  so  that  even  if  these  errors  had  not  been  eliminated, 
they  would  not  greatly  have  affected  the  median  values.  The 
errors  that  yet  remain  uneliminated  are  undoubtedly  of  this 
fluctuating  sort,  not  seriously  affecting  median  or  average 
values  where  the  number  of  pupils  measured  is  considerable. 

After  rejecting  those  of  questionable  age  and  the  mestizo 
class — those  with  some  Spanish  or  Chinese  blood — records 
remain  of  1,180  boys  and  438  girls  from  6  to  21  years  of  age. 
The  numbers  are  large  enough  to  show  the  approximate  curves 
of  growth,  though,  especially  in  the  upper  and  lower  age- 
extremes,  the  numbers  are  too  few  for  exactness.  This  is 
clearly  indicated  by  the  irregular  angular  nature  of  some  of 
the  curves,  particularly  those  for  girls  where  the  numbers  are 
far  fewer  than  in  the  case  of  boys.  Still  it  is  believed  that  a 
greater  number  of  observations  would  do  little  more  than  to 
smooth  out  the  irregularities.  The  pupils  measured  were 
typical  of  their  class. 

The  results  of  the  measurements  are  shown  in  the  following 
tables  in  the  forms  of  medians,  averages,  variabilities,  and  yearly 

Mean  Measurements  of  Philippine  Boys 


Age 

Number 
Cases 

Stature 

o  9 

c  <j 

a 

t/2 

be 

W^ 

bo 

1 

.g-2 
0 

DH 
O 

^ 

'o 

3£  • 
>3 

Mm: 

Mm: 

Mm: 

Kilos: 

Kilos: 

Kilos: 

Cc: 

6 

6 

1096 

1050 

605 

18.0 

12.0 

11.5 

950 

7 

18 

1  135 

1120 

620 

18.8 

15-2 

14.2 

1010 

8 

32 

1170 

1156 

648 

20.3 

16.5 

15-7 

1130 

9 

1210 

1188 

664 

21.3 

17.4 

16.8 

I2IO 

10 

70 

1247 

1237 

673 

23.0 

19.0 

18.0 

1290 

ii 

63 

1299 

1298 

698 

25-8 

21.2 

19.6 

1400 

12 

94 

1360 

1365 

720 

28.4 

22.9 

21.4 

1570 

J3 

87 

1403 

1423 

741 

31  -1 

25.0 

23-8 

l8lO 

14 

96 

1471 

H93 

771 

35  •  * 

27.7 

25-8 

1950 

15 

130 

1542 

1581 

812 

41.4 

35-1 

31.8 

2280 

16 

1582 

1618 

842 

45-4 

38.5 

36.8 

2570 

17 

145 

1605 

1649 

851 

47.0 

41  .O 

37-9 

28lO 

18 

97 

1609 

1664 

855 

48.9 

43-i 

39-7 

2860 

J9 

68 

l62O 

1674 

862 

51.2 

44.1 

42.9 

2970 

20 

54 

1622 

1678 

866 

51-6 

44-4 

41  -5 

3070 

48 

1610 

1666 

861 

43-5 

40.0 

3000 

GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


increments.  If  errors  of  age  are  entirely  of  a  fluctuating 
character,  it  is  possible  that  the  medians  may  be  less  affected 
by  this  form  of  error  than  the  averages.  The  differences, 
however,  between  the  two  are  not  great.  The  curves  of  growth 
shown  in  the  charts  are,  with  the  exception  of  those  dealing 

Mean  Measurements  of  Philippine  Girls 


*  o> 

en 

bo 

4J 

.4-1 

x 

il 

|H 

*o  3 

A  ""* 

£ 

two 

v 

•4J 

Age 

I5 

"rt 

8,^ 

*C 

•&3 

.a 

l! 

* 

Cfl 

03 

&™ 

.^ 

O 

O 

>u 

Mm: 

Mm: 

Mm: 

Kilos: 

Kilos: 

Kilos: 

Cc: 

7 

4 

H45 

1115 

620 

19.0 

13.0 

12.  0 

1130 

8 

9 

1165 

638 

20.3 

15.2 

14.2 

1130 

9 

15 

1232 

1235 

657 

22.8 

18.1 

16.8 

1210 

10 

17 

1273 

1252 

668 

23.2 

18.0 

17.1 

1260 

ii 

27 

1305 

1293 

690 

26.5 

20.5 

18.6 

1300 

12 

33 

1381 

1378 

722 

29.8 

22.4 

21.  1 

1510 

13 

24 

1425 

1430 

758 

33-5 

26.2 

24-5 

1610 

14 
15 

32 

68 

1455 
1480 

1470 
1506 

772 
788 

36.5 
40.0 

26.6 
29-5 

25-4 
27-3 

1740 
1970 

16 

52 

1488 

1500 

798 

41.6 

29.6 

27-6 

2000 

17 

54 

1500 

1534 

803 

43-4 

30-3 

28.3 

2200 

18 
19 
20-5 

40 

11 

1495 
1498 
1486 

1523 
1523 
1510 

806 
810 
803 

44.0 
42.8 
42.5 

31.0 
30-5 
30-3 

28.3 
28.0 
27.0 

2100 
2200 
2030 

Averages  and  Variabilities  of  Philippine  Boys 


Height 

Weight 

-I 

0) 

?'! 

•4-1 

a 

•*-» 
i  o 

en 

*&  g 

a 

•4-1 

i  a 

Age 

4)    * 

1 

bo 

CU 

£  <u 

*«*    fl 

£3   .-. 

-  1 

r 

CU 

ct  'J 

•38 

0    0) 

n  ° 

S3   CU 
HH    § 

O      >H 

£ 

< 

toQ 

<& 

£s° 

& 

< 

02Q 

<s 

^° 

Mm: 

Mm: 

Mm: 

Kilos: 

7 

18 

1148 

47 

iS 

18.9 

2.1 

8 

32 

1191 

63 

43 

3-7 

31 

20.8 

2.8 

1.9 

10.  1 

9 

41 

I2II 

59 

20 

40 

21.8 

3-o 

1  .0 

4.8 

10 

70 

1252 

40 

41 

3-4 

70 

23-4 

2.1 

1.6 

7-3 

II 

63 

1309 

55 

57 

4.6 

63 

26.2 

3-5 

2.8 

12.0 

12 

94 

1366 

78 

57 

4-4 

94 

29-5 

5-4 

3-3 

J2.6 

13 

89 

1408 

69 

42 

89 

32-4 

4-7 

2.9 

9-8 

14 

96 

1461 

81 

53 

3^8 

96 

35-9 

6.2 

3-5 

10.8 

15 

130 

1541 

69 

80 

5-5 

132 

41-5 

5-7 

5-6 

15-6 

16 

131 

1585 

52 

46 

3  -° 

45-9 

4.4 

10.6 

17 

145 

1602 

56 

17 

i.i 

146 

47-5 

5.1 

1.6 

3-5 

18 
19 

97 
68 

1612 

1626 

56 

45 

10 

14 

0.6 
0.8 

97 
67 

49-8 
52-4 

5-4 

5-7 

1:1 

4.8 
5-2 

20 

54 

1622 

52 

5-1 

21-5 

48 

1621 

54 

47 

51-7 

4-9 

8 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


with  annual  increments,  based  upon  median  values.  Curves 
based  upon  averages  follow  the  same  general  lines;  the 
differences  are  but  slight. 

All   measurements  are  in    terms  of  metric  units.     Age   is 
that  of  the  last  birthday.     Children  called  ten  years  of  age  in 


Span  of  Arms 

Height  Sitting 

03 

0) 

!•! 

a 

,  £ 

en 

•sJ 

a 

•  a 

Age 

3 

u 

Annual 
Increm 

Jf 

r 

1 

V 

rt  W 

g  | 

j|§ 

7 

18 
31 

Mm: 
1128 
1169 

Mm: 

c 

4i 

3-6 

18 
31 

Mm: 
623 
647 

Mm: 

21 

30 

24 

3-8 

9 

41 

1198 

70 

29 

2-5 

41 

661 

14 

2.2 

10 

70 

1244 

49 

3-8 

70 

673 

21 

12 

1.8 

ii 

62 

1299 

62 

55 

4-4 

63 

699 

24 

26 

3-9 

12 

94 

86 

72 

5-5 

719 

40 

20 

2-9 

13 

89 

1425 

85 

54 

3-9 

89 

745 

41 

26 

3-6 

14 

96 

1480 

93 

55 

3-9 

96 

770 

49 

25 

3-4 

15 

131 

1579 

72 

99 

6.7 

132 

812 

36 

42 

5-5 

16 

131 

1621 

63 

42 

2.6 

841 

32 

29 

3-6 

11 

145 
96 

1646 
1656 

11 

25 

10 

0.6 

!46 
97 

859 

27 
29 

10 

8 

1.2 
0-9 

19 

63 

1680 

57 

24 

1-4 

67 

862 

26 

3 

0.4 

20 

54 

1676 

56 

51 

866 

22 

4 

o-5 

21-5 

48 

1667 

62 

39 

866 

24 

Grip  of  Right  Hand 

Grip  of  Left  Hand 

Vital  Capacity 

Age 

IH 

0> 

1 

1 

<r 

CJ 

a 

o 

a 

M 

1 

<L» 

, 

0 

a 

M 

d 

0 

o 
»—  t 

u 

M 

<u 

<r 

o 

a 

HH 

a 

V 

a 

& 

< 

< 

5 

a 

&s 

Kg. 

Kg. 

Lit. 

7 

18 

14.8 

2.6 

14.1 

2-3 

.02 

.14 

8 

31 

17.0 

3-2 

2.2 

14.9 

15-7 

3-2 

1.6 

10.4 

.14 

.18 

.12 

ii.  8 

9 

40 

17.6 

0.6 

3-5 

16.8 

2.6 

i.i 

7.0 

.22 

.19 

.08 

7-4 

10 

70 

18.9 

2.1 

1.3 

7-4 

18.0 

2-5 

1.2 

•31 

•23 

.09 

7.0 

ii 

12 

63 

21.3 
23-9 

3-5 
5-2 

2.4 
2.6 

12.7 

12.2 

19.9 
22.4 

3-2 

4.8 

I.9 

2-5 

10.6 

12.6 

£ 

•23 
•32 

.19 
.12 

14-5 
8.0 

13 
14 

93 

3:5 

4.6 
6.1 

1.9 

2.4 

8.0 
9-3 

24.4 
26.4 

4-3 
5-7 

2.0 
2.O 

8-9 

8.2 

.80 
.98 

•32 
.41 

.18 
.18 

n.  i 

IO.O 

15 

132 

35  •* 

7-5 

6.9 

24-5 

32-3 

7.1 

5-9 

22.4 

2-35 

•43 

•37 

18.7 

16 

130 

38.8 

6-5 

3-7 

10.6 

36.6 

6.1 

4-3 

13-3 

2-59 

•39 

.24 

10.2 

17 

143 

41.7 

6.4 

2.9 

7-5 

38.6 

6.4 

2.0 

5-5 

i.  80 

•37 

.21 

8.1 

18 

95 

43-5 

7.2 

1.8 

4-3 

40-5 

7.2 

1-9 

4.9 

2.91 

•44 

.11 

3-9 

IQ 

67 

44.6 

7-2 

i.i 

2-5 

42.1 

6.9 

1.6 

4.0 

3.01 

•43 

.10 

3-4 

20 

50 

45-6 

7.3 

I.O 

2.2 

42.7 

6.7 

0.6 

1.4 

•35 

•05 

21-5 

39 

43-5 

5-9 

40.0 

5-5 

2.97 

.27 

GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


the  tables  are  therefore  of  all  ages  from  ten  to  eleven,  or  on  an 
average  of  about  ten  and  a  half  years.  It  is  believed  that 
the  usual  error  of  this  assumption  as  pointed  out  by  Dr.  Boas 
does  not  exist  in  the  case  of  Philippine  children,  or  at  least  did 
not  when  these  measurements  were  made.  The  schools  had 
been  only  recently  established,  the  pupils  were  very  indiffer- 
ently graded,  and  classes  were  organized  irrespective  of  age. 

Averages  and  Variabilities  of  Philippine  Girls 


Height 

Weight 

Age 

tn 

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18.8 

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8 

9 

1178 

56 

43 

3-8 

9 

20.5 

2.4 

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9.0 

9 

15 

1228 

54 

So 

4.2 

IS 

22.7 

2.8 

2.2 

10.8 

10 

17 

1268 

61 

40 

3-3 

17 

24.0 

3-6 

1-3 

5-7 

ii 

27 

1295 

57 

27 

2.1 

27 

26.6 

3-6 

2.6 

10.8 

12 

33 

1370 

69 

75 

5-8 

33 

30.1 

4.4 

3-5 

13.2 

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24 

1428 

58 

4.2 

24 

35-o 

6.1 

4.9 

16.3 

14 

42 

1454 

46 

26 

1.8 

42 

36.5 

5-4 

1-5 

4-3 

15 

68 

1480 

52 

26 

1.8 

68 

40-3 

4-7 

3-8 

10.4 

16 

52 

1485 

55 

5 

0-3 

52 

42.2 

5-5 

1.9 

4-7 

17 

54 

1503 

18 

1.2 

54 

44-5 

6.8 

2-3 

5-5 

18 

40 

1504 

51 

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40 

44.0 

4-5 

19 

27 

1488 

43 

27 

43  -6 

4.6 

20-5 

26 

1497 

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26 

44.0 

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Sitting  Height 

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32 

8 

9 

1160 

64 

57 

5-2 

9 

643 

39 

28 

4.6 

9 

15 

1218 

54 

58 

15 

656 

27 

13 

2.0 

10 

1235 

80 

35 

2.9 

17 

677 

26 

21 

3-2 

ii 

27 

1295 

68 

42 

3-4 

27 

688 

30 

ii 

1.6 

12 

33 

1380 

76 

85 

6-5 

33 

723 

38 

35 

5  -1 

13 

24 

1441 

60 

61 

4.4 

24 

756 

29 

33 

4.6 

14 

42 

1461 

57 

20 

1.4 

42 

770 

33 

14 

1.9 

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68 

1499 

61 

38 

2.6 

68 

788 

30 

18 

2-3 

16 

52 

1505 

71 

6 

0.4 

52 

795 

27 

7 

0.9 

17 

54 

1521 

58 

16 

I.I 

54 

807 

28 

12 

1-5 

18 

38 

I5H 

54 

40 

808 

28 

I 

O.I 

19 

27 

1519 

27 

801 

27 

20-5 

26 

1515 

61 

26 

799 

36 

10 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


Grip  of  Right  Hand 

Grip  of  Left  Hand 

Vital  Capacity 

CJ 

u 

CJ 

ft) 

bfl 

p 

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ti) 

Age 

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Kg: 

Kg: 

Lit. 

7 

4 

12.5 

2-5 

12.3 

2.9 

.00 

.16 

8 

9 

15.0 

2-3 

2-5 

20.0 

14-5 

2.0 

2.2 

17.9 

.10 

•17 

.10 

IO.O 

9 

15 

18.0 

3-° 

20.0 

16.7 

3-6 

2.2 

15-2 

.20 

.14 

.10 

9.1 

10 

17 

18.3 

3-2 

o-3 

1-7 

17.1 

0.4 

2-4 

.28 

.16 

.08 

6.7 

ii 

27 

19.9 

3-3 

1.6 

8.7 

19.0 

3-1 

1.9 

n.  i 

•33 

.21 

•05 

3-9 

12 

33 

22.0 

4.0 

2.1 

10.6 

20.9 

3-6 

1.9 

IO.O 

•52 

.21 

.19 

14-3 

13 

24 

25-7 

3-8 

3-7 

16.8 

24.0 

3-i 

14.8 

.62 

.22 

.10 

6.6 

14 

43 

25-7 

4.8 

o.o 

0.0 

24-3 

4-4 

1.3 

.76 

•30 

.14 

8.6 

15 

68 

29.2 

4.4 

3-5 

13.6 

27.0 

4.4 

2.7 

II.  I 

•99 

.29 

•23 

13-1 

16 

52 

29.9 

3-4 

0.7 

2.4 

27.6 

3-6 

0.6 

2.2 

2.02 

•31 

•03 

i  .5 

17 

54 

30-7 

4.1 

0.8 

2.7 

28.2 

4-5 

0.6 

2.2 

2-15 

6.4 

18 

40 

30-3 

4.1 

28.5 

4.4 

0-3 

I.I 

2.13 

^26 

19 

27 

30-3 

4-3 

27.9 

4.6 

2.18 

.21 

20-5 

26 

30.6 

4-7 

27.4 

4.2 

2.03 

•34 

GROWTH-STAGES 

Height.  As  in  all  studies  made  upon  European  and  Ameri- 
can children,  there  appear  to  be  three  clearly  marked  stages 
of  growth  in  Philippine  children:  (i)  The  steady  growth  of 
childhood;  (2)  The  accelerated  growth  of  puberty;  (3)  The 
diminishing  growth  of  the  post-pubertal  period. 

The  accelerated  growth  of  puberty  occurs  in  Philippine  boys 
between  the  ages  of  thirteen  and  sixteen,  with  the  greatest  an- 
nual increment  from  fourteen  to  fifteen;  in  girls,  between  eleven 
and  fourteen  years,  with  the  greatest  annual  increment  from 
eleven  to  twelve.  The  acceleration  begins  and  ends  two  years 
earlier  with  girls  than  with  boys;  the  greatest  annual  increment, 
however,  comes  three  years  earlier  with  girls  than  with  boys, 
coming  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  pubescent  growth  of  girls  and 
in  the  later  portion  of  that  of  boys. 

After  sixteen,  boys  grow  slowly  for  four  years  more,  growth 
extending  to  the  age  of  twenty.  Growth  after  seventeen  is 
very  slight,  however,  amounting  to  not  more  than  two  centi- 
meters. The  average  of  the  838  adult  Filipinos  measured  by 
Dr.  Folkmar,  if  his  anthropomentric  measurements  can  be  re- 
lied upon,  is  on  an  exact  level  with  that  of  the  145  seventeen- 
year-old  boys  recorded  in  this  study.  This  does  nor  mean  that 
Filipinos  cease  to  grow  at  seventeen.  It  perhaps  rather  indi- 
cates slight  differences  in  the  samples  of  the  population  meas- 
ured. The  adults  measured  by  Dr.  Folkmar  were  inmates  of 
Bilibid  prison.  He  selected  his  838  individuals  out  of  a  possi- 
ble 3,000.  It  is  possible  that  he  rejected  more  of  the  mestizo 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


oar  3 


a    13  1 


5_13_1 


ZLJ 


7 


4€ 


He 


srhl 


Spanc 


fAr 


X 


Height 


CHART  I.    Absolute  Growth  of  Philippine  Boys  and  Girls. 


12 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


Q_JLLj 


14J 


16  17  lb  j 


Kios- 


60 


Fl 


liEinne 


JB£YS_ 


Pt 


lipping 


Weight 


20 


Q-rip 
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aht 


Kilos- 


20 


Grip- 
Leit 


X 


Vita 


a]>ac 


tsi 


CHART  II.    Absolute  growth  of  Philippine  Boys  and  Girls. 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


Years  - 
_2L. 


1CL 


1 32 


Per  cent- 


:sc 


^ 


HeiiM 


Percent 


7 


A 


V 


A 


\ 


// 


Perceht 
^^ 


3-rip 


Right  Hnd 


-12- 


5 


\ 


Phil 


"DDine  B( 


VS 


Ebi 


ppiie  Girls 


CHART  III.    Yearly  Increments  of  Growth  in  Percents. 


14  GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 

class  than  could  be  done  in  the  case  of  our  students,  the  marks 
of  Spanish  blood  not  being  so  evident  in  children;  and  also 
that  the  penal  class  were  slightly  under  normal.  On  the  other 
hand,  our  Manila  schools,  perhaps,  contain  a  slightly  larger 
proportion  of  mestizo  blood  than  does  the  population  in  gen- 
eral. Yet  after  allowance  is  made  for  these  things,  the  evidence 
is  to  the  effect  that  Philippine  boys  on  an  average  grow  in 
height  but  little  after  seventeen  years  of  age. 

Philippine  girls  after  the  age  of  fourteen  grow  in  height  for 
three  years  more,  or  until  the  age  of  seventeen.  At  this  age 
their  height  appears  to  be  complete.  In  this  respect,  girls 
appear  to  attain  complete  maturity  at  least  three  years  before 
boys. 

As  with  Europeans,  Philippine  girls  are  taller  than  boys 
from  eleven  to  fourteen.  In  the  girls  measured,  height  was 
greater  than  that  of  boys  at  all  ages  before  fourteen,  which 
differs  from  the  studies  on  Europeans. 

The  stages  of  growth  in  absolute  height  for  both  boys  and 
girls  are  shown  graphically  in  Chart  I;  annual  increments  in 
Chart-Ill. 

Span  of  arms.  The  growth  of  the  span  of  arms  from  finger- 
tip to  finger-tip  very  nearly  parallels  that  of  stature,  indicating 
the  same  stages  of  growth  at  the  same  ages.  Girls  again  are 
slightly  superior  to  boys  until  fourteen,  after  which  they  fall 
behind.  Span  of  arms  at  the  age  of  eight  is  about  98.5%  of 
the  stature  for  both  boys  and  girls;  at  the  age  of  twenty,  it 
is  about  103%  of  the  stature  with  boys,  and  102%  with  girls. 

Curves  of  absolute  growth  are  found  on  Chart  I,  of  span  of 
arms  relative  to  stature  on  Charts  VI  and  X. 

Height  Sitting.  Since  this  is  a  measurement  in  one  dimen- 
sion of  the  vital  organs  of  trunk  and  head,  the  limbs  being 
totally  excluded,  it  is,  perhaps,  a  more  significant  measurement 
than  stature  or  span  of  arms.  In  the  curves  of  growth  in  sit- 
ting height  given  on  Chart  I,  the  three  stages  of  growth  are 
very  clearly  shown.  In  the  growth  of  boys,  these  stages  cor- 
respond exactly  with  those  of  stature;  with  girls,  however, 
the  post-pubertal  growth  appears  to  extend  up  to  nineteen,  or 
two  years  longer  than  in  the  case  of  stature.  Although  slight 
after  seventeen,  it  is  sufficient  to  be  significant.  The  steady 
growth  of  boys  from  seventeen  to  twenty  is  more  clearly  shown 
than  in  the  case  of  stature.  In  this  dimension,  girls  are  shorter 
than  boys  until  twelve,  taller  between  twelve  and  fourteen, 
and  then  again  falling  behind  after  fourteen.  That  girls  should 
surpass  boys  in  both  stature  and  span  of  arms  at  all  ages  be- 
fore twelve,  but  fall  behind  them  in  sitting  height  for  the  same 
period,  seems  to  indicate  a  relatively  greater  length  of  limb  in 
girls  for  this  period.  In  the  later  post-pubertal  period,  this 
relation  is  reversed. 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN  15 

The  relation  of  sitting  height  to  stature  is  shown  in  Charts 
VI  and  X. 

Weight.  Weight  was  taken  with  clothing,  but  tropical 
clothing  is  very  light  in  weight. 

The  stages  of  the  growth  in  weight  are  synchronous  in  all 
important  respects  with  growth  in  stature.  Girls  are  abso- 
lutely heavier  than  boys  from  eight  to  fifteen.  In  relation  to 
height,  weight  remains  at  all  ages  about  eqnal  for  the  two 
sexes,  inclining  slightly  in  favor  of  girls  in  the  later  adoles- 
cent period,  as  shown  in  the  charts. 

The  adults  of  all  ages  measured  by  Dr.  Folkmar  were  on  an 
average  three  pounds  heavier  than  the  twenty-year  adolescents 
measured  in  this  study,  yet  the  adults  averaged  two  centime- 
ters less  in  height.  Taking  both  facts  into  consideration,  we 
are  led  to  believe  that  the  weight  of  these  twenty-year-old 
youths  was  not  complete,  and  that  growth  in  weight  continues 
for  some  time  after  twenty.  Like  all  peoples,  they  tend  to  fill 
out  somewhat  after  maturity  in  height  is  reached. 

Muscular  Strength.  Grip  of  right  and  left  hands  was  taken 
by  means  of  Smedley's  adjustable  dynamometer,  manufactured 
by  C.  H.  Stoelting  &  Co.,  of  Chicago.  The  instrument  was 
occasionally  tested  for  accuracy  as  to  the  dial  readings.  In 
making  the  tests  the  distance  between  the  bars  was  adjusted 
to  the  size  of  the  pupil's  hand,  and  he  was  permitted  several 
trials,  the  best  one  being  recorded. 

The  results  as  shown  graphically  in  Chart  II  show  boys 
and  girls  to  be  of  about  equal  strength  until  the  age  of  four- 
teen. After  this  age,  the  divergence  is  very  striking,  girls 
increasing  in  strength  of  grip  less  than  four  kilos,  while  boys 
increased  about  seventeen.  In  the  individuals  measured,  girls 
reach  their  maximum  at  eighteen,  and  boys  at  twenty.  One 
cannot  be  sure  that  growth  in  strength  is  complete  at  these  ages, 
however,  since  the  later  measurements  are  too  few,  and  the 
individuals  of  too  special  a  class  for  the  later  results  to  be  en- 
tirely trustworthy  in  this  respect. 

Growth  in  the  strength  of  the  left  hand  parallels  that  of  the 
right  at  all  stages  in  both  sexes.  Strength  of  the  left  hand 
differs  from  that  of  the  right  by  from  five  to  ten  per  cent. 
This  difference,  as  in  white  children,  is  as  great  in  girls  as  in 
boys,  as  shown  in  the  tables,  and  in  Charts  VII  and  XI. 

It  is  interesting  to  notice  that  boys  of  seven  will  grip 
eighty  per  cent,  of  their  weight,  and  youths  of  eighteen, 
eighty-eight  per  cent.  Girls  of  seven  will  grip  seventy  per 
cent,  of  their  weight,  and  at  eighteen  the  same.  In  relation  to 
weight,  the  amount  of  strength  that  both  boys  and  girls  can 
put  forth  in  a  single  muscular  effort  is  surprisingly  great,  much 
greater  indeed  than  that  of  the  well-conditioned  boys  and  girls 


1 6  GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 

measured  by  Mr.  Smedley.  Whether  the  endurance  of  Fili- 
pinos is  commensurate  with  their  strength  as  shown  in  a  single 
effort,  or  whether  one  is  at  the  expense  of  the  other  is  a  ques- 
tion that  cannot  be  answered  until  some  one  has  undertaken  a 
study  of  their  muscular  endurance. 

Another  interesting  fact  in  this  connection  is  the  relatively 
great  strength  of  Philippine  girls  as  compared  with  Philippine 
boys.  Dr.  Christopher  and  Mr.  Smedley  show  that  among 
American  children  measured  at  Chicago  "boys  surpass  the 
girls  in  strength  at  all  ages;  even  in  the  kindergarten  the 
average  boy  is  stronger  in  his  left  hand  than  the  average  girl 
is  in  her  right  hand."  This  is  not  true  of  Philippine  girls 
before  the  age  of  thirteen.  At  thirteen  their  strength  is  equal 
absolutely  to  that  of  boys,  if  not  slightly  greater;  and  from 
nine  to  fourteen  the  differences  of  the  averages  are  very  slight, 
in  no  case  more  than  a  single  kilo. 

Vital  Capacity.  Vital  capacity  was  taken  by  means  of  a  wet 
spirometer.  Each  pupil  was  permitted  several  attempts,  and 
the  best  mark  attained  was  recorded.  Before  nine  years  boys 
and  girls  show  no  appreciable  difference  in  breathing  capacity. 
From  nine  to  twelve,  boys  slightly  surpass  girls.  After 
twelve,  the  divergence  increases,  the  difference  becoming 
marked  after  fifteen.  In  this  respect  only  do  Philippine  boys 
of  thirteen  surpass  girls  of  the  same  age.  This  difference 
may  be  partly  or  even  wholly  due  to  the  conditions  of  the  test. 
Boys  were  more  ready  to  lay  aside  their  dignity  and  blow  with 
sustained  effort  than  were  the  girls  ;  and  it  is  possible  that  the 
girls  were  more  hindered  by  their  form  of  clothing. 

General  Conclusions.  Philippine  children  show  the  three 
marked  stages  of  development  between  the  ages  of  six  and 
twenty  as  clearly  as  do  children  of  European  descent;  and  the 
periods  appear  to  be  synchronous  for  the  two  races.  The  pubertal 
acceleration  usually  begins  in  Philippine  boys  at  twelve  or  thir- 
teen years  and  extends  up  to  sixteen  or  seventeen .  After  this  age 
growth  seems  to  continue  for  three  or  four  years  longer. 
Whether  or  not  there  is  growth  after  twenty  cannot  be  deter- 
mined from  the  data  at  hand. 

With  girls  the  period  of  pubertal  acceleration  falls  between 
the  ages  of  eleven  and  fourteen,  arriving  and  ending  some  two 
or  three  years  earlier  than  with  boys.  After  fourteen,  girls  con- 
tinue to  grow  for  three  or  four  years  longer,  reaching  maturity 
at  about  seventeen  or  eighteen.  The  upper  limit  is  not  here 
indicated  with  certainty  because  of  the  insufficient  number 
measured,  and  because  the  girls  in  the  later  years  of  the 
secondary  school  constitute  a  somewhat  specialized  type. 

Philippine  girls  on  an  average  seem  to  be  about  equal  to 
Philippine  boys  at  all  ages  before  fourteen.  Anatomically 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


they  are  superior  to  boys  between  eleven  or  twelve  and  fourteen 
or  fifteen  ;  functionally  at  this  period  in  grip  and  vital  capacity, 
they  are  slightly  weaker  relative  to  size,  but  about  equal  in 
absolute  units.  This  comparison  of  boys  and  girls  seems  to 
be  of  value  in  indicating  a  great  difference  in  the  physiological 
age  of  the  two  sexes  at  this  chronological  period.  It  seems  to 
show  that  at  thirteen  most  girls  are  post-pubescent  while  most 
boys  of  that  age  remain  pre-pubescent,  a  fact  of  practical  im- 
portance in  dealing  with  matters  of  coeducation  recently  intro- 
duced into  Philippine  schools. 

A  COMPARISON  OF  THE  GROWTH  OF  PHILIPPINE  CHILDREN 
WITH  WHITE  CHILDREN 

A  comparison  of  the  children  of  the  two  races  is  best  shown 
graphically,  as  in  the  Charts  IV  to  XII.  Curves  showing  the 
growth  of  American  children  are  taken  from  the  report  of  Mr. 
Smedley's  work  in  the  child-study  laboratory  at  Chicago,  with 
the  exception  of  the  curves  showing  annual  increments  of 
growth  in  height  and  weight  which  were  calculated  by  Dr. 
Boas,  and  may  be  found  in  the  American  Journal  of  Psychology r, 
Vol.  IX,  No.  3.  Since  the  curves  showing  the  growth  of 
Filipinos  were  based  upon  median  values,  the  medians  also 
were  employed  in  constructing  the  curves  for  American  chil- 
dren. Perhaps  averages  may  just  as  well  have  been  used  since 
the  differences  between  the  two  are  but  slight. 

BOYS 
Height.     The  curves  of   growth  in  height   at   the  top  of 

Ratio  of  Height  Sitting  to  Stature 


Boys 

Girls 

Age 

Filipino 

American 

Chinese 

Filipina 

American 

7 

•544 

.560 

•540 

•550 

8 

.556 

•553 

•550 

•545 

9 

•546 

•543 

•549 

•542 

•540 

10 

.536 

•534 

•552 

.528 

'534 

ii 

•539 

•533 

•543 

•527 

•533 

12 

•530 

•529 

•54i 

•  522 

•532 

13 

•529 

•517 

•540 

•532 

•527 

14 

•524 

•517 

•  528 

.528 

•529 

J5 

•526 

.522 

•532 

•539 

•532 

16 

•532 

•527 

•521 

•537 

•535 

17 

.528 

•533 

•534 

•532 

18 

•534 

•532 

•54i 

•538 

19 

•531 

•527 

•54i 

•538 

20 

•537 

•532 

•541 

•538 

i8 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


Chart  IV  show  a  remarkable  parallelism  in  the  growth  of 
Philippine  and  American  boys.  Both  curves  show  the  same 
general  stages,  falling  within  the  same  years.  The  pubertal 
acceleration  falls  within  the  same  age-limits  for  both  races. 
Before  the  age  of  fifteen  the  difference  in  the  height  of  the  two 
races  remains  about  constant,  Filipinos  being  on  an  average 
from  six  to  eight  centimeters  shorter  than  Americans  of  the 
same  ages.  But  after  fifteen,  the  Philippine  boy  lags  behind. 
He  continues  to  grow  up  to  twenty,  and  perhaps  even  beyond, 
but  his  late  adolescent  growth  appears  to  lack  the  vigor  shown 

Ratio  of  Span  of  Arms  to  Stature 


Boys 

Girls 

Age 

Filipino 

American 

Chinese 

Filipina 

American 

7 

.987 

1.003 

•974 

•995 

8 

.988 

.008 

•992 

I.OOO 

9 

•984 

.007 

.976 

I.OOO 

I.OCO 

10 

.992 

.010 

•985 

.985 

.002 

ii 

1.  000 

.009 

•985 

.991 

.008 

12 

1.004 

.017 

•993 

.998 

.007 

13 

.014 

•015 

.986 

.003 

•  005 

14 

.014 

.018 

1.  000 

.010 

.012 

15 

.025 

.023 

1-025 

.018 

.009 

16 

.023 

.023 

1.030 

•015 

.007 

17 

.028 

.021 

.023 

.021 

18 

•033 

.029 

.020 

.013 

19 

•034 

.017 

.018 

20 

•035 

I.OI7 

•  OOI 

Ratio  of  the  Cube  of  Height  to  Weight 


Boys 

Girls 

Age 

Filipino 

American 

Chinese 

Filipina 

American 

7 

78.8 

74-9 

80.  i 

75-7 

8 

78.9 

76.6 

81.0 

78.2 

9 

83-1 

78.9 

77.2 

81.6 

79-7 

10 

ii 

84.9 
85.2 

79.8 
81.6 

81-3 
79.2 

88.3 
84.8 

82.3 
85-8 

12 

88.5 

81.3 

80.9 

88.4 

84.0 

J3 

88.2 

83.6 

78.8 

87-3 

85-7 

14 

9°  -5 

84.4 

82.7 

85-3 

83.6 

IS 

88.2 

84.9 

85-2 

81.0 

81.0 

16 

86.8 

83-9 

79-5 

78.7 

17 

88.8 

80.3 

77-8 

80.3 

18 

85-3 

82.6 

76.7 

78.8 

J9 

83.0 

79-9 

78.8 

78.6 

20 

82.4 

78.7 

78.5 

78.7 

GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


by  that  of  the  American  boy.  As  compared  with  children  of 
North-European  descent,  Filipinos  suffer  relative  arrest  in  their 
physical  growth  after  the  age  of  fifteen.  This  relative  failure 
of  growth-vigor  is  shown  in  all  the  curves  of  Chart  IV.  The 
almost  complete  parallelism  of  growth  up  to  fifteen  and  the 
subsequent  divergence  after  this  age  is  perhaps  most  clearly 
shown  in  sitting  height,  which  is  perhaps  the  most  significant 
dimension  measured. 

Chart  V  shows   the  greatest  annual  growth-increment  in 

Ratio  of  Strength  of  Grip  to  Weight 


Boys 

Girls 

Age 

Filipino 

American 

Chinese 

Filipina 

American 

7 

.809 

•5ii 

.684 

•507 

8 

•813 

•532 

•749 

•505 

9 

.817 

•558 

•798 

•794 

•529 

10 

.826 

•594 

.782 

.776 

•537 

ii 

.822 

.612 

•838 

•774 

•544 

12 

.806 

.629 

.796 

•752 

•554 

13 

.804 

•653 

•  803 

•783 

•575 

14 

.790 

.677 

.729 

•  566 

11 

•847 
.848 

.712 
.762 

Is8o 

•737 
.712 

•575 
•576 

17 

•873 

.772 

.698 

•589 

18 

•879 

.776 

•705 

•596 

19 

.861 

.811 

.614 

20 

.861 

•815 

.768 

.623 

Relation  of  Vital  Capacity  to  Weight 
Cc.  per  Kilo 


Boys 

Girls 

Age 

Filipino 

American 

Chinese 

Filipina 

American 

7 

56-9 

54-7 

56-4 

51-6 

8 

55-6 

55-6 

55-7 

50-9 

9 

56.8 

55-2 

54-7 

53-1 

51-7 

10 

55-8 

56.0 

54-8 

54-3 

50-9 

ii 

54-3 

55-9 

54-5 

49.0 

50.8 

12 

55  -2 

55-4 

53-7 

50.7 

47-7 

13 

58.1 

56.7 

54-3 

48.0 

46.9 

14 

55-6 

55-6 

55-7 

47-7 

45-8 

15 

54-9 

55-9 

53.1 

49-2 

45-9 

16 

56.5 

59-5 

48.1 

17 

59-9 

60.6 

50.7 

46.1 

18 

58-5 

60.4 

47.8 

46.8 

19 

57-8 

59-4 

51  .2 

48.0 

20 

59-5 

59-3 

49.0 

48.2 

2O 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


Relation  of  Strength  of  Grip  to  Vital  Capacity 
Kilos  per  Liter 


Boys 

Girls 

Age 

Filipino 

American 

Chinese 

Filipina 

American 

7 

i5-i 

9-8 

12.2 

9.6 

8 

14.6 

10.  0 

13-5 

9-7 

9 

14.4 

10.7 

14.6 

15.0 

10.2 

10 

14.8 

10.3 

14-3 

14-3 

10.6 

ii 

15.2 

10.6 

15-4 

15-8 

ii.  i 

12 

14.6 

"•3 

14.9 

14-9 

ii  .6 

13 

13-8 

11.4 

14.8 

16.3 

12.3 

14 

14.2 

11.4 

13-9 

15-3 

12.4 

15-4 

12.5 

16.3 

15-0 

12.5 

16 

15.0 

12.5 

16.1 

14.8 

12.8 

17 

14.6 

12.8 

13-8 

12.8 

18 

15  i 

12.9 

14.8 

12.8 

19 

14.8 

13-6 

14.6 

12.8 

20 

14-5 

13-7 

15-8 

13.0 

Ratio  of  Left  Hand  to  Right  Hand 


Boys 

Girls 

Age 

Filipino 

American 

Chinese 

Filipina 

American 

7 

•934 

.948 

.924 

•944 

8 

•952 

•933 

•935 

.940 

9 

.966 

.942 

•975 

.928 

•935 

10 

•947 

•944 

•975 

•950 

•935 

ii 

•925 

•940 

.929 

.907 

•938 

12 

•935 

.920 

.971 

.942 

.940 

13 

•952 

.920 

.960 

•935 

.911 

14 

•932 

.921 

•950 

•955 

.920 

15 

.906 

•92Q 

.901 

.926 

.925 

16 

•956 

.922 

•933 

.926 

17 

•925 

.909 

•934 

.916 

18 

.921 

.918 

•913 

•933 

19 

•973 

•941 

.918 

.926 

20 

•935 

.941 

.891 

.917 

height  to  fall  for  both  races  between  the  ages  of  fourteen  and 
fifteen.  The  growth-force  during  this  period  seems  to  be 
much  more  pronounced  in  the  Filipino  than  in  the  American ; 
but  it  seems  to  exhaust  itself  for  him  all  the  more  quickly,  as 
shown  by  the  more  precipitous  fall  of  the  curve  after  fifteen. 

Weight.  The  curves  of  weight  in  Chart  IV  might  seem  to 
indicate  that  Philippine  boys  not  only  fall  behind  after  fifteen, 
but  that  they  were  continually  losing  ground  from  the  begin- 
ning ;  but  such  is  not  the  case.  The  apparent  divergence  be- 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


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CHART  IV.    A  Comparison  of  Philippine  and  American  Boys  in  Absolute  Growth. 


22 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


CHART  V.    A  Comparison  of  the  Annual  Increments  of  Growth  of  Philippine  and  Amer- 
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GROWTH    OF    PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


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CHART  VI.    A  Comparison  of  the  Relative  Growth  of  Philippine  and  American  Boys. 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


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CHART  VII.    A  Comparison  of  the  Relative  Growth  of  Philippine  and  American  Boys. 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


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CHART  VIII.    A  Comparison  of  Philippine  and  American  Girls  in  Absolute  Growth. 


26 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


CHART  IX.    A  Comparison  of  the  Annual  Increments  of  Growth  of  Philippine  and 
American  Girls. 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


27 


relation  to  Btaturs 


CHART  X.    A^Comparison  of  the  Relative  Growth  of  Philippine  and  American  Girls. 


28 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


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CHART  XI.    A  Comparison  of  the  Relative  Growth  of  Philippine  and  American  Girls. 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


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CHART  XII.    A  Comparison  of  the  Growth  of  the  Girls  of  the  two  races  in  their  rela- 
tion to  the  Boys  of  their  own  race. 


30  GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 

fore  fifteen  is  due  to  the  difference  in  height;  it  must  be 
remembered  that  weight  varies  not  as  the  height  but  rather  as 
the  cube  of  the  height.  In  the  tables  and  in  Chart  VII  is 
shown  the  ratio  of  the  cube  of  the  height  to  the  weight  at 
each  age  for  both  races.  The  curves  thus  formed  are  parallel 
throughout,  showing  that  the  relation  of  the  two  races  in 
weight  is  the  same  at  all  ages  as  for  height.  They  show  also 
that  Philippine  boys  are  at  all  ages  taller  relative  to  their 
weight;  or,  stated  more  simply,  Filipinos  are  more  slender 
than  Americans. 

Vital  Capacity.  Vital  capacity  varies  also  as  the  cube  ot 
the  height,  so  that  the  discrepancy  here  again,  although  ap- 
parent, is  not  real.  The  ratio  of  vital  capacity  to  weight  is 
about  the  same  for  both  races  at  all  ages,  as  shown  in  chart 
VII.  The  curves  show  a  great  expansion  in  lung  capacity 
relative  to  weight  for  both  races  between  the  ages  of  fifteen 
and  seventeen. 

Physical  Proportions.  Philippine  boys  are  more  slender  than 
American  boys  of  corresponding  ages.  Height  sitting  in  pro- 
portion to  total  stature  is  about  the  same  for  both  races,  the 
difference  of  the  averages  being  at  no  time  more  than  one  per 
cent.  This  indicates  also  that  the  two  races  are  about  equal 
in  relative  length  of  limbs.  Span  of  arms  relative  to  height 
appears  to  be  from  one  to  two  per  cent,  less  for  Philippine  boys 
before  thirteen ;  after  this  age  both  races  are  relatively  equal. 

Strength  of  Grip.  Before  the  age  of  thirteen,  Philippine 
boys  appear  to  be  superior  to  American  boys  of  corresponding 
ages  in  strength  of  grip  both  absolutely  and  relatively.  From 
thirteen  to  fifteen,  they  are  equal  absolutely,  but  the  Filipinos, 
being  smaller,  are  relatively  superior.  After  fifteen,  Philippine 
boys  fall  behind  in  absolute  strength,  though  retaining  their 
relative  superiority,  as  shown  in  Chart  VI.  In  calculating 
strength  of  grip  relative  to  weight,  one  must  remember  that 
both  sets  of  boys  were  weighed  with  clothing,  and  that  Ameri- 
can clothing  is  considerably  heavier  than  the  light  tropical 
garments.  In  the  curves,  this  slight  but  appreciable  difference 
in  weight  favors  the  Filipino ;  though  it  will  go  but  a  small 
way  in  explaining  the  results. 

This  difference  in  the  relative  strength  of  grip  not  being 
perhaps  what  one  might  expect,  the  conditions  of  the  tests 
were  carefully  examined  to  see  that  there  was  no  source  of 
error.  One's  first  thought  would  be  that  the  instruments  used 
may  have  been  dissimilar.  But  I  used  a  duplicate  of  Mr. 
Smedley's  instrument,  manufactured  by  the  same  company. 
The  instrument  was  tested  several  times  for  correctness. 

If  Philippine  pupils  had  recently  been  engaged  in  any  form 
of  labor  specially  adapted  to  developing  the  grip,  as,  for  exam- 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN  31 

pie,  the  pounding  of  rice  in  mortars,  this  would  be  a  disturbing 
factor;  but  it  is  thought  this  was  not  the  case  with  the  pupils 
measured  to  any  appreciable  degree. 

I  am  unable  to  discover  any  important  dissimilarity  of  con- 
ditions. If  none  exists,  one  must  conclude  that  Philippine 
boys  are,  weight  for  weight,  stronger  in  a  single  effort  of  grip 
than  American  boys.  The  left  hand  as  compared  with  the 
right  is  about  the  same  for  the  two  races;  the  left  hand  is  from 
five  to  eight  per  cent,  weaker,  the  relation  varying  somewhat 
with  age. 

Variabilities.  If  one  compares  the  variabilities  given  in  the 
tables  with  those  of  Dr.  Boas  published  in  the  Report  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Education  for  1904,  one  notices  that  the 
greatest  variability  in  height  and  weight  occurs  at  fourteen 
and  fifteen  years  in  both  races.  This  points  further  to  a  syn- 
chronism in  the  pubertal  expansion  of  the  two  races.  At  this 
period  both  races  appear  to  contain  a  large  per  cent,  of  both 
pre-pubescents  and  post-pubescents;  this  is  doubtless  the  mean- 
ing of  the  wide  degree  of  variability. 

GIRLS 

A  comparison  of  the  growth  of  Philippine  and  American 
girls  is  graphically  shown  in  Charts  VIII  to  XII. 

Chart  VIII  shows  the  growth  of  the  girls  of  the  two  races  to 
be  about  parallel  up  to  the  middle  of  the  pubertal  acceleration; 
after  this  period,  Philippine  girls  fall  behind  relatively.  Cor- 
responding growth-periods  seem  to  coincide  in  time  for  the 
girls  of  the  two  races;  and  to  differ  most  noticeably  in  the 
relative  lack  of  growth-vigor  in  Philippine  girls  during  later 
adolescence.  This  difference  is  less  marked,  however,  with 
girls  than  with  boys. 

Chart  IX  shows  the  greatest  growth-increments  to  fall  for 
both  races  at  twelve  or  thirteen  years.  As  with  boys,  the 
pubertal  expansion  seems  to  be  more  sudden  with  Philippine 
than  with  American  girls,  and  to  expend  itself  more  quickly, 
resulting  in  a  more  rapid  falling  off  in  the  degree  of  yearly 
growth  after  twelve  or  thirteen. 

Charts  X  and  XI  show  relative  physical  proportions  of  the 
girls  of  the  two  races.  Height  sitting  in  proportion  to  stature 
is  the  same  for  both;  relative  length  of  limb  is  the  same;  arm- 
span  relative  to  stature  differs  but  slightly.  Philippine  girls 
appear  to  be  more  slender  up  to  fourteen  years  of  age,  after 
which  period  the  ratio  of  height  to  weight  appears  to  be  about 
the  same  for  the  two  races.  Vital  capacity  relative  to  weight  is 
distinctly  greater  for  Philippine  girls;  girls  differ  in  this  respect 
whereas  boys  were  about  equal. 

In  strength  of  grip  Philippine  girls  appear  to  be  superior  to 


32  GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 

American  girls  in  absolute  strength  up  to  sixteen  years,  after 
which  they  are  about  equal.  In  strength  relative  to  weight, 
Philippine  girls  seem  to  be  superior  at  all  ages,  the  difference 
ranging  from  ten  to  twenty-five  per  cent.  Relative  strength 
of  the  left  hand  as  compared  with  the  right  is  about  the  same 
for  the  two  races. 

In  Chart  XII  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  compare  the 
girls  of  the  two  races  on  a  basis  of  their  size  and  strength  rela- 
tive to  the  boys  of  their  own  race.  It  is  claimed  that  women 
differ  from  the  men  of  their  own  race  to  a  greater  degree 
among  some  races  than  among  others;  the  curves  were  con- 
structed to  test  this  aspect  of  the  matter.  In  the  curves 
100  per  cent,  represents  boys;  the  curves  show  how  much 
Philippine  and  American  girls  rise  above  or  fall  below  average 
masculine  standards  of  their  race.  The  results  show  that  in 
stature,  sitting  height,  and  span  of  arms,  the  girls  of  the  two 
races  are  in  this  respect  about  equal,  especially  as  they  ap- 
proach adulthood.  In  weight,  Philippine  girls  appear  to  be 
slightly  superior;  in  strength  of  grip  and  in  vital  capacity 
Philippine  girls  are  considerably  superior, — from  five  to  ten 
per  cent.  In  other  words,  the  girls  of  the  two  races,  when 
their  averages  are  compared  with  average  masculine  standards, 
are  structurally  about  equal;  but  functionally,  in  the  two  as- 
pects measured,  Philippine  girls  are  nearer  the  standards  set 
by  the  boys  of  their  race  than  are  American  girls  to  American 
boys.  This  relation  holds  for  late  adolescence;  and  since  the 
girls  of  both  races  seem  to  be  mature  by  twenty,  it  doubtless 
holds  true  for  the  adults  as  well. 

CHINESE  BOYS 

During  the  course  of  this  study,  I  measured  sixty  Chinese 
boys  at  the  Tondo  Chinese  School  in  Manila.  Only  pure- 
blood  Chinese  were  measured,  Chinese-Filipino  mestizos  being 
rejected.  Their  parents  were  mostly  natives  of  southern  China, 
— Amoy,  Hong-Kong,  Canton,  Saigon. 

I  was  assured  by  the  principal  of  the  school  that  they  could 
be  depended  upon  to  give  their  ages  correctly;  consequently 
they  were  taken  at  their  word  in  the  matter  of  age.  But  I 
very  much  doubt  if  they  gave  their  ages  even  so  accurately  as 
did  the  Filipino  children. 

In  this  connection  one  must  remember  that  the  Chinese 
count  their  ages,  not  from  actual  birthdays,  but  from  the  Chi- 
nese New  Year.  A  ten-year-old  Chinese  boy  is  one  who  has 
ten  times  celebrated  the  Chinese  New  Year;  on  an  average  he 
is  therefore  nine  and  one-half  years  of  age;  whereas  an  Ameri- 
can or  Filipino  boy  who  says  he  is  ten  years  old  is  on  an  aver- 
age ten  and  a  half,  or  a  full  year  older.  In  the  tables,  therefore, 


GROWTH  OF  PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


33 


I  have  set  back  the  ages  of  the  Chinese  one  year  so  as  to  make 
them  entirely  comparable  with  the  tables  for  Filipino  and 
American  boys. 

The  following  table  presents  their  average  measurements. 

Averages  of  Sixty  Chinese  Boys 


CO 

-4-J 

.d 

MH  I 

^ 

5 

ii 

Age 

£3 

*E 

.5  'a! 

O  1-1 
fl  ^ 

ja 

•sl 

0.5? 

o, 

"si 

ii  P5 

*S 

.£  ai 

»*4 

& 

w 

35 

* 

pu 

0 

c 

o 

9 

4 

1237 

680 

1207 

24.7 

1350 

19.7 

19.2 

10 

7 

1275 

702 

1252 

25.2 

1380 

19.7 

19.2 

ii 

ii 

1286 

695 

1265 

27.0 

1470 

22.6 

21.0 

12 

9 

1348 

725 

1342 

3o-4 

1630 

24.2 

23-5 

13 

14 

1390 

750 

1370 

33-6 

1770 

27.0 

25.9 

14 

10 

1442 

762 

1447 

2010 

27.4 

26.5 

15 

5 

1585 

841 

1617 

46-3 

2450 

40.1 

36.1 

These  averages  seem  to  show  that  in  stature,  height  sitting, 
and  span  of  arms,  Chinese  and  Filipino  boys  are  not  far  apart 
between  the  ages  of  nine  and  fifteen.  Curves  of  growth  appear 
to  follow  about  the  same  lines  up  to  that  age. 

In  respect  to  weight,  Chinese  boys  are  heavier,  both  abso- 
lutely and  relatively.  They  are  not  so  slender  as  Filipinos. 
In  absolute  strength  of  grip  Chinese  appear  to  be  stronger, 
but  relative  to  weight,  they  are  of  about  the  same  strength. 
The  left  hand  appears  to  be  somewhat  more  nearly  equal  to 
the  right  in  Chinese  than  in  Filipino  or  American  boys. 

The  sitting  height  of  Chinese  boys  seems  to  be  somewhat 
greater  than  that  of  Filipinos  or  whites;  or  in  other  words, 
Chinese  appear  to  have  somewhat  shorter  legs  comparatively, 
with  a  corresponding  gain  in  the  relative  volume  of  vital  or- 
gans. Span  of  arms  relative  to  height  shows  them  to  have 
slightly  shorter  arms  also  before  the  age  of  fourteen. 

Since  the  above  was  written,  I  find  in  "Nature"  of  Oct.  15, 
1908,  some  results  of  a  far  more  complete  study  on  the  Chinese 
by  Mr.  A.  H.  Crook,  Queen's  College,  Hong  Kong.  He 
measured  659  boys  and  youths  between  the  ages  of  ten  and 
twenty-four  years,  and  presents  an  interesting  comparison  be- 
tween Chinese  and  English  boys. 

A  comparison  of  my  results  with  those  of  Mr.  Crook  seems 
to  indicate  that  Chinese  boys  of  Manila  are  less  developed  than 
those  of  Hong  Kong.  Climate  may  have  something  to  do 
with  the  matter;  also  it  is  possible  that  he  measured  a  better 
class  of  students  at  Hong  Kong  than  I  found  among  the  shop- 
keeper's sons  in  the  public  schools  of  Manila. 

Mr.  Crook  remarks  on  the  small  amount  of  chest  expansion 


34 


GROWTH   OF   PHILIPPINE   CHILDREN 


in  Chinese  boys.  This  was  determined  by  measurements  of 
chest  girth.  My  figures  for  vital  capacity,  obtained  in  an  en- 
tirely different  way,  confirm  his  conclusions. 

A  COMPARISON  OF  PHILIPPINE  WITH  JAPANESE  CHILDREN 

It  appears  that  the  Department  of  Education  in  Japan  meas- 
ures the  height  and  weight  of  all  Japanese  school  children. 
The  average  figures  for  the  year  1901  for  869, 014  children,  as 
reported  by  Dr.  Misawa  in  the  March  number  of  this  Journal 
for  the  current  year  (p.  109)  are,  for  boys,  as  given  in  the  fol- 
lowing table.  Beside  them  are  the  figures  for  Filipinos  and 
Chinese  for  comparison. 


Height 

Weight 

Age 

Filipino 

Japanese 

Chinese 

Filipino 

Japanese 

Chinese 

Cm. 

Kg. 

7 

114.8 

106.5 

18.9 

17.6 

8 

119.1 

III.O 

20.8 

19.1 

9 

121.  1 

115.6 

123.7 

21.8 

21.  1 

24.7 

10 

125-2 

120.0 

127-5 

23-4 

22.8 

25-2 

ii 

130.9 

124.8 

128.6 

26.2 

25.0 

27.0 

12 

136.6 

128.7 

134.8 

29-5 

27.0 

30.4 

13 

140.8 

133-4 

139.0 

32-4 

29.4 

33-6 

14 
15 

I46.I 
I54-I 

137.6 
142.1 

144.2 
158.5 

35-9 
4i-5 

32.5 

35-2 

35-1 
46.3 

16 

I58.5 

146.1 

45-9 

38.2 

Japanese  boys  to  sixteen  years  of  age  are  from  six  to  twelve 
centimeters  shorter  than  Filipino  boys  of  corresponding  ages. 
They  are  as  much  shorter  than  Filipino  boys  as  the  latter  are 
shorter  than  American  boys.  The  table  shows  the  Chinese  to 
be  not  appreciably  different  from  Filipinos  in  height.  This  is 
one  further  item  of  proof  that  the  mongoloid  Malays  of  the 
Philippines  are  racially  more  closely  related  to  the  Chinese 
than  to  the  Japanese. 

In  weight  the  same  relationship  holds. 


OVERDUE. 

UTS    1942 


3ESITY 


sorj 


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